Urine spermine and multivariable Spermine Risk Score predict high-grade prostate cancer

Peter Ka Fung Chiu, Yan Ho Fung, Jeremy Yuen Chun Teoh, Chun Hong Chan, Ka Lun Lo, Kai Man Li, Ryan Tsz Hei Tse, Chi Ho Leung, Yim Ping Wong, Monique J. Roobol, Ka-Leung Wong*, Chi Fai Ng*

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalJournal articlepeer-review

13 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Background: To investigate the role of urine spermine and Spermine Risk Score in prediction of high-grade prostate cancer (HGPCa, ISUP grade group ≥2). Methods: Nine hundred and five consecutive men with elevated PSA were prospectively recruited from two hospitals. Core analyses focused on consecutive men with PSA 4–20 ng/mL (n = 600). Pre-biopsy urine without prior prostatic massage was analyzed for spermine level with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS). The proportions of PCa and HGPCa were compared across different spermine ranges. Logistic regressions were used to form different models, and their performances were compared using area under curve (AUC) and decision curve analysis (DCA). Results: PCa and HGPCa were diagnosed in 30.8% (185/600) and 17.2% (103/600) men, respectively, and were significantly associated with lower urine spermine levels. Between the lowest and highest quartiles of spermine results, a threefold increase in PCa risk (49.3% vs. 16.7%) and 3.5-fold increase in ISUP grade group ≥2 PCa risk (31.3% vs. 8.7%) were observed. Multivariate analysis showed PSA, prostate volume (PV), digital rectal examination (DRE), and spermine, which were independent predictors for PCa and HGPCa, and a Spermine Risk Score with these factors achieved the highest AUC of 0.78 for PCa and 0.82 for HGPCa. At 90% sensitivity for HGPCa, 36.7% biopsies and 24.4% ISUP grade group 1 diagnoses could have been avoided, with a negative predictive value of 95.4%. DCA revealed net clinical benefit of the Spermine Risk Score. Internal validation with bootstrapping showed good discrimination and calibration. Conclusion: Urine spermine and Spermine Risk Score identified men at higher risk of HGPCa and reduced unnecessary biopsies.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)542-548
Number of pages7
JournalProstate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases
Volume24
Issue number2
Early online date6 Jan 2021
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Jun 2021

Scopus Subject Areas

  • Oncology
  • Urology
  • Cancer Research

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