TY - JOUR
T1 - Ubiquitous occurrence of p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) antioxidants and PPD-quinones in fresh atmospheric snow and their amplification effects on associated aqueous contamination
AU - Zhang, Xu
AU - Peng, Zifang
AU - Hou, Shijiao
AU - Sun, Qiannan
AU - Yuan, Hang
AU - Yin, Dan
AU - Zhang, Wenfen
AU - Zhang, Yanhao
AU - Tang, Jianwei
AU - Zhang, Shusheng
AU - Cai, Zongwei
N1 - We thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22276177). We are also thankful for the use of the analytical instrument from the Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2024/3/5
Y1 - 2024/3/5
N2 - p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) antioxidants are heavily used for protection of commercial rubber products (e.g., vehicle tire), resulting in their widespread contamination in ecosystem. PPD-quinones (PPDQs), the toxic quinone derivatives of PPDs, are also discovered as novel environmental pollutants. However, the contamination characteristics of PPDs/PPDQs in fresh atmospheric snow (without deposition on the Earth surface) have seldom been studied. This work first reports the broad distributions of PPDs and PPDQs in fresh atmospheric snow collected from seven Chinese urban areas. Individual median values of detected concentrations were in the ranges of 0.4 to 260 pg g−1 (PPDs) and 0.7 to 104 pg g−1 (PPDQs). The concentration deviation by long-term deposition on the ground was eliminated. In most sampling regions, wearing of vehicle rubber tires was possibly responsible for spatial-dependent PPDs’ pollution level variations, and high concentrations of PPDs promoted PPDQs’ formation in snow from atmosphere. Yet, excessive O3 may further oxidize and reduce PPDQs in atmospheric fresh snow from Zhengzhou, which is different from previous research. Furthermore, snowfall was noticed might amplify concentrations of three PPDs and PPDQs in an inland lake, which possibly worsen corresponding pollution in water system. Current study elucidates the potential impacts of snow-bound PPDs/PPDQs on ecosystems should not be underestimated.
AB - p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) antioxidants are heavily used for protection of commercial rubber products (e.g., vehicle tire), resulting in their widespread contamination in ecosystem. PPD-quinones (PPDQs), the toxic quinone derivatives of PPDs, are also discovered as novel environmental pollutants. However, the contamination characteristics of PPDs/PPDQs in fresh atmospheric snow (without deposition on the Earth surface) have seldom been studied. This work first reports the broad distributions of PPDs and PPDQs in fresh atmospheric snow collected from seven Chinese urban areas. Individual median values of detected concentrations were in the ranges of 0.4 to 260 pg g−1 (PPDs) and 0.7 to 104 pg g−1 (PPDQs). The concentration deviation by long-term deposition on the ground was eliminated. In most sampling regions, wearing of vehicle rubber tires was possibly responsible for spatial-dependent PPDs’ pollution level variations, and high concentrations of PPDs promoted PPDQs’ formation in snow from atmosphere. Yet, excessive O3 may further oxidize and reduce PPDQs in atmospheric fresh snow from Zhengzhou, which is different from previous research. Furthermore, snowfall was noticed might amplify concentrations of three PPDs and PPDQs in an inland lake, which possibly worsen corresponding pollution in water system. Current study elucidates the potential impacts of snow-bound PPDs/PPDQs on ecosystems should not be underestimated.
KW - Contamination characteristics
KW - PPD antioxidants
KW - PPDQs
KW - Snow amplification effects
KW - Urban fresh atmospheric snow
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85182408081&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133409
DO - 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133409
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 38211520
AN - SCOPUS:85182408081
SN - 0304-3894
VL - 465
JO - Journal of Hazardous Materials
JF - Journal of Hazardous Materials
M1 - 133409
ER -
