TY - JOUR
T1 - The in vitro structure-related anti-cancer activity of ginsenosides and their derivatives
AU - Dong, Hang
AU - Bai, Li Ping
AU - Wong, Vincent Kam Wai
AU - Zhou, Hua
AU - Wang, Jing Rong
AU - Liu, Yan
AU - Jiang, Zhi Hong
AU - Liu, Liang
N1 - Copyright:
Copyright 2012 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2011/12
Y1 - 2011/12
N2 - Panax ginseng has long been used in Asia as a herbal medicine for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, including cancer. The current study evaluated the cytotoxic potency against a variety of cancer cells by using ginseng ethanol extracts (RSE), protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type, protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides fractions, and their hydrolysates, which were prepared by stepwise hydrolysis of the sugar moieties of the ginsenosides. The results showed that the cytotoxic potency of the hydrolysates of RSE and total PPD-type or PPT-type ginsenoside fractions was much stronger than the original RSE and ginsenosides; especially the hydrolysate of PPD-type ginsenoside fractions. Subsequently, two derivatives of protopanaxadiol (1), compounds 2 and 3, were synthesized via hydrogenation and dehydration reactions of compound 1. Using those two derivatives and the original ginsenosides, a comparative study on various cancer cell lines was conducted; the results demonstrated that the cytotoxic potency was generally in the descending order of compound 3 > 20(S)-dihydroprotopanaxadiol (2) > PPD (1) > 20(S)- Rh2 > 20(R)-Rh2 ≅ 20(R)-Rg3 ≅ 20(S)-Rg3. The results clearly indicate the structurerelated activities in which the compound with less polar chemical structures possesses higher cytotoxic activity towards cancer cells.
AB - Panax ginseng has long been used in Asia as a herbal medicine for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, including cancer. The current study evaluated the cytotoxic potency against a variety of cancer cells by using ginseng ethanol extracts (RSE), protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type, protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides fractions, and their hydrolysates, which were prepared by stepwise hydrolysis of the sugar moieties of the ginsenosides. The results showed that the cytotoxic potency of the hydrolysates of RSE and total PPD-type or PPT-type ginsenoside fractions was much stronger than the original RSE and ginsenosides; especially the hydrolysate of PPD-type ginsenoside fractions. Subsequently, two derivatives of protopanaxadiol (1), compounds 2 and 3, were synthesized via hydrogenation and dehydration reactions of compound 1. Using those two derivatives and the original ginsenosides, a comparative study on various cancer cell lines was conducted; the results demonstrated that the cytotoxic potency was generally in the descending order of compound 3 > 20(S)-dihydroprotopanaxadiol (2) > PPD (1) > 20(S)- Rh2 > 20(R)-Rh2 ≅ 20(R)-Rg3 ≅ 20(S)-Rg3. The results clearly indicate the structurerelated activities in which the compound with less polar chemical structures possesses higher cytotoxic activity towards cancer cells.
KW - Anti-cancer
KW - Cytotoxicity
KW - Ginsenosides
KW - Protopanaxadiol
KW - Structure-related activity
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84555188034&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/molecules161210619
DO - 10.3390/molecules161210619
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 22183886
AN - SCOPUS:84555188034
SN - 1420-3049
VL - 16
SP - 10619
EP - 10630
JO - Molecules
JF - Molecules
IS - 12
ER -