TY - JOUR
T1 - Tetramethylpyrazine
T2 - A review of the most recent research
AU - Xu, Tong
AU - Chen, Guanghong
AU - Tong, Xue
AU - Wu, Yuting
AU - Xu, Honglin
AU - Han, Xin
AU - Zhang, Guoyong
AU - Ding, Wenjun
AU - Liu, Bin
AU - Zhou, Ying Chun
N1 - The study was funded by the following grants: National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos 81973645, 81774100), Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China (Nos 2019A1515012063, 2022A1515011630). Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund (Nos. 2019B1515120026, A1515220010).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Published by Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2022/12
Y1 - 2022/12
N2 - Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is the main component of functional quality in vinegar. According to recent studies, TMP has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including a positive influence on the cardiovascular system, neurological system, tumors, and other disorders. This review compiled all of the most recent data on the pharmacological effects and probable mechanisms of TMP. TMP has been shown to inhibit platelet aggregation, dilate blood vessels, improve microcirculation, protect vascular endothelium, improve metabolism, be anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-fibrosis, and have other beneficial effects. TMP is nontoxic, chemically stable, and can cross the blood-brain barrier. It is beneficial in treating cardiovascular, nervous, digestive, respiratory, and urinary system disorders. Several signaling pathways, including MAPK, PGC-1α/Nrf2/HO-1, PI3K/AKT, VEGF/VEGFR2, MMP/TIMP, TGF-β1, Bcl-2/Bax, and others, contribute to TMP's extensive pharmacological effects. TMP is a natural compound with promising research and development potential. This study provides a theoretical foundation for TMP's clinical application and references for future research.
AB - Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is the main component of functional quality in vinegar. According to recent studies, TMP has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including a positive influence on the cardiovascular system, neurological system, tumors, and other disorders. This review compiled all of the most recent data on the pharmacological effects and probable mechanisms of TMP. TMP has been shown to inhibit platelet aggregation, dilate blood vessels, improve microcirculation, protect vascular endothelium, improve metabolism, be anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-fibrosis, and have other beneficial effects. TMP is nontoxic, chemically stable, and can cross the blood-brain barrier. It is beneficial in treating cardiovascular, nervous, digestive, respiratory, and urinary system disorders. Several signaling pathways, including MAPK, PGC-1α/Nrf2/HO-1, PI3K/AKT, VEGF/VEGFR2, MMP/TIMP, TGF-β1, Bcl-2/Bax, and others, contribute to TMP's extensive pharmacological effects. TMP is a natural compound with promising research and development potential. This study provides a theoretical foundation for TMP's clinical application and references for future research.
KW - Anti-tumor
KW - Cardiovascular protect
KW - Ligustrazine
KW - Nervous system protect
KW - Tetramethylpyrazine
KW - TMP
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85139280406
U2 - 10.1016/j.prmcm.2022.100171
DO - 10.1016/j.prmcm.2022.100171
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85139280406
SN - 2667-1425
VL - 5
JO - Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine
JF - Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine
M1 - 100171
ER -
