Strategies for achieving real-world robustness in topologically engineered surfaces with special wettability

Engineered topologies on superwetting with special wettability provide tailored functionalities and precise control over wetting and droplet behaviors, setting them apart from randomly structured surfaces. These features are crucial for applications requiring precision and efficiency, for example, directional droplet transport, anisotropic wetting, smart coating, thermal management, etc. Nonetheless, the reliance on engineered topographies renders these surfaces susceptible to structural damage, even at nano/micro-level, leading to functional deterioration in practical scenarios. This review specifically addresses durability challenges faced by the surfaces with engineered topologies, excluding random structures. We commence by examining robust strategies aimed at mitigating practical challenges encountered in real-world scenarios. Next, we outline the structural design principles that underpin these surfaces, integrating real-world examples from outdoor, underwater, and specialized applications are integrated to illustrate diverse approaches for tackling the multifaceted challenges. Finally, we analyze practical issues related to scaling up fabrication processes and identify areas for future research. By dissecting the intricate relationships between structural integrity, functional efficiency, and material selection, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of durability issues. It also offers a strategic roadmap for enhancing the longevity of surfaces with special wettability in the real world, specifically focusing on those with engineered topologies while explicitly excluding random structures.