TY - JOUR
T1 - Pollution characteristics, exposure assessment and potential cardiotoxicities of PM2.5-bound benzotriazole and its derivatives in typical Chinese cities
AU - Yang, Chun
AU - He, Shiyao
AU - Lu, Shimin
AU - Liao, Xiaoliang
AU - Song, Yuanyuan
AU - Chen, Zhi Feng
AU - Zhang, Guoxia
AU - Li, Ruijin
AU - Dong, Chuan
AU - Qi, Zenghua
AU - Cai, Zongwei
N1 - This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21806025 and 91843301), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2019A1515011294), the General Research Fund from Hong Kong Research Grants Council (12303320), the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province (2020B1212030008) and the National Key Research and Development Project (2019YFC1804604), National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (S202011845181).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2022/2/25
Y1 - 2022/2/25
N2 - Benzotriazole and its derivatives (BTRs), classified as high-volume production chemicals, have been widely detected in various environmental media, including the atmosphere, water, soil and dust, as well as organisms. However, studies on the pollution characteristics and health impact of PM2.5 related BTRs are so far limited. This study is the first to demonstrate the regional scale distribution of PM2.5-bound BTRs and their potential cardiotoxicities. Optimized methods of extraction, purification and GC-EI-MS/MS were applied to characterize and analyze PM2.5-bound BTRs from three cities in China during the winter of 2018. The concentration of ∑BTRs in Taiyuan (6.28 ng·m−3) was more than three times that in Shanghai (1.53 ng·m−3) and Guangzhou (1.99 ng·m−3). Benzotriazole (BTR) and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (5TTR) contributed more than 80% of ∑BTRs concentration as the major pollutants among three cities. The correlation analysis indicated that there was a positive correlation between temperature and concentration of BTR and a negative correlation between temperature and concentration of 5TTR. In addition, the risk of BTRs exposure to toddlers should be paid more attention in Taiyuan by the human exposure assessment. Furthermore, toxicity screening by experimental methods indicated that 4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (4TTR) was the most harmful to cardiomyocytes. The western blot assay showed a ROS-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis signaling pathway was activated after exposure to 4TTR in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs). On the other hand, metabolomics revealed that exposure of 4TTR to NRCMs disturbed mitochondrial energy metabolism by disturbing pantothenate and coenzyme A synthesis pathway. Our study not only clarifies the contamination profiles of PM2.5-bound BTRs in typical Chinese cities but also reveals their cardiotoxicities associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
AB - Benzotriazole and its derivatives (BTRs), classified as high-volume production chemicals, have been widely detected in various environmental media, including the atmosphere, water, soil and dust, as well as organisms. However, studies on the pollution characteristics and health impact of PM2.5 related BTRs are so far limited. This study is the first to demonstrate the regional scale distribution of PM2.5-bound BTRs and their potential cardiotoxicities. Optimized methods of extraction, purification and GC-EI-MS/MS were applied to characterize and analyze PM2.5-bound BTRs from three cities in China during the winter of 2018. The concentration of ∑BTRs in Taiyuan (6.28 ng·m−3) was more than three times that in Shanghai (1.53 ng·m−3) and Guangzhou (1.99 ng·m−3). Benzotriazole (BTR) and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (5TTR) contributed more than 80% of ∑BTRs concentration as the major pollutants among three cities. The correlation analysis indicated that there was a positive correlation between temperature and concentration of BTR and a negative correlation between temperature and concentration of 5TTR. In addition, the risk of BTRs exposure to toddlers should be paid more attention in Taiyuan by the human exposure assessment. Furthermore, toxicity screening by experimental methods indicated that 4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (4TTR) was the most harmful to cardiomyocytes. The western blot assay showed a ROS-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis signaling pathway was activated after exposure to 4TTR in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs). On the other hand, metabolomics revealed that exposure of 4TTR to NRCMs disturbed mitochondrial energy metabolism by disturbing pantothenate and coenzyme A synthesis pathway. Our study not only clarifies the contamination profiles of PM2.5-bound BTRs in typical Chinese cities but also reveals their cardiotoxicities associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
KW - Benzotriazole
KW - Cardiotoxicity
KW - Exposure risk
KW - PM
KW - Pollution characteristic
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85118566029&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151132
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151132
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 34695464
AN - SCOPUS:85118566029
SN - 0048-9697
VL - 809
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
M1 - 151132
ER -
