Physical activity and fat-free mass during growth and in later life

Klaas R Westerterp; Yosuke Yamada; Hiroyuki Sagayama; Philip N Ainslie; Lene F Andersen; Liam J Anderson; Lenore Arab; Issaad Baddou; Kweku Bedu-Addo; Ellen E Blaak; Stephane Blanc; Alberto G Bonomi; Carlijn V C Bouten; Pascal Bovet; Maciej S Buchowski; Nancy F Butte; Stefan G J A Camps; Graeme L Close; Jamie A Cooper; Sai K Das; Richard Cooper; Lara R Dugas; Ulf Ekelund; Sonja Entringer; Terrence Forrester; Barry W Fudge; Annelies H Goris; Michael Gurven; Catherine Hambly; Asmaa El Hamdouchi; Marije B Hoos; Sumei Hu; Noorjehan Joonas; Annemiek M Joosen; Peter Katzmarzyk; Kitty P Kempen; Misaka Kimura; William E Kraus; Robert F Kushner; Estelle V Lambert; William R Leonard; Nader Lessan; Corby K Martin; Anine C Medin; Erwin P Meijer; James C Morehen; James P Morton; Marian L Neuhouser; Theresa A Nicklas; Robert M Ojiambo; Kirsi H Pietiläinen; Yannis P Pitsiladis; Jacob Plange-Rhule; Guy Plasqui; Ross L Prentice; Roberto A Rabinovich; Susan B Racette; David A Raichlen; Eric Ravussin; Rebecca M Reynolds; Susan B Roberts; Albertine J Schuit; Anders M Sjödin; Eric Stice; Samuel S Urlacher; Giulio Valenti; Ludo M Van Etten; Edgar A Van Mil; Jonathan C K Wells; George Wilson; Brian M Wood; Jack Yanovski; Tsukasa Yoshida; Xueying Zhang; Alexia J Murphy-Alford; Cornelia U Loechl; Amy H Luke; Herman Pontzer; Jennifer Rood; Dale A Schoeller; William W Wong; John R Speakman; Stefan Branth; Lisa H Colbert; Niels C De Bruin; Alice E Dutman; Sölve Elmståhl; Mikael Fogelholm; Tamara Harris; Rik Heijligenberg; Hans U Jorgensen; Christel L Larsson; Elisabet M Rothenberg; Margaret McCloskey; Gerwin A Meijer; Daphne L Pannemans; Sabine Schulz; Rita Van den Berg-Emons; Wim G Van Gemert; Wilhelmine W Venne Verboeket-van de Venne; Jeanine A Verbunt; Renaat M Philippaerts; Amy Subar; Minna Tanskanen; Ricardo Uauy; Erica J Velthuis-te Wierik

doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab260

Physical activity and fat-free mass during growth and in later life

Klaas R Westerterp, Yosuke Yamada, Hiroyuki Sagayama, Philip N Ainslie, Lene F Andersen, Liam J Anderson, Lenore Arab, Issaad Baddou, Kweku Bedu-Addo, Ellen E Blaak, Stephane Blanc, Alberto G Bonomi, Carlijn V C Bouten, Pascal Bovet, Maciej S Buchowski, Nancy F Butte, Stefan G J A Camps, Graeme L Close, Jamie A Cooper, Sai K DasRichard Cooper, Lara R Dugas, Ulf Ekelund, Sonja Entringer, Terrence Forrester, Barry W Fudge, Annelies H Goris, Michael Gurven, Catherine Hambly, Asmaa El Hamdouchi, Marije B Hoos, Sumei Hu, Noorjehan Joonas, Annemiek M Joosen, Peter Katzmarzyk, Kitty P Kempen, Misaka Kimura, William E Kraus, Robert F Kushner, Estelle V Lambert, William R Leonard, Nader Lessan, Corby K Martin, Anine C Medin, Erwin P Meijer, James C Morehen, James P Morton, Marian L Neuhouser, Theresa A Nicklas, Robert M Ojiambo, Kirsi H Pietiläinen, Yannis P Pitsiladis, Jacob Plange-Rhule, Guy Plasqui, Ross L Prentice, Roberto A Rabinovich, Susan B Racette, David A Raichlen, Eric Ravussin, Rebecca M Reynolds, Susan B Roberts, Albertine J Schuit, Anders M Sjödin, Eric Stice, Samuel S Urlacher, Giulio Valenti, Ludo M Van Etten, Edgar A Van Mil, Jonathan C K Wells, George Wilson, Brian M Wood, Jack Yanovski, Tsukasa Yoshida, Xueying Zhang, Alexia J Murphy-Alford, Cornelia U Loechl, Amy H Luke, Herman Pontzer, Jennifer Rood, Dale A Schoeller, William W Wong, John R Speakman, Stefan Branth (Contributor), Lisa H Colbert (Contributor), Niels C De Bruin (Contributor), Alice E Dutman (Contributor), Sölve Elmståhl (Contributor), Mikael Fogelholm (Contributor), Tamara Harris (Contributor), Rik Heijligenberg (Contributor), Hans U Jorgensen (Contributor), Christel L Larsson (Contributor), Elisabet M Rothenberg (Contributor), Margaret McCloskey (Contributor), Gerwin A Meijer (Contributor), Daphne L Pannemans (Contributor), Sabine Schulz (Contributor), Rita Van den Berg-Emons (Contributor), Wim G Van Gemert (Contributor), Wilhelmine W Venne Verboeket-van de Venne (Contributor), Jeanine A Verbunt (Contributor), Renaat M Philippaerts (Contributor), Amy Subar (Contributor), Minna Tanskanen (Contributor), Ricardo Uauy (Contributor), Erica J Velthuis-te Wierik (Contributor)

Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health

Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › peer-review

18 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Background: Physical activity may be a way to increase and maintain fat-free mass (FFM) in later life, similar to the prevention of fractures by increasing peak bone mass.

OBJECTIVES: A study is presented of the association between FFM and physical activity in relation to age.

Methods: In a cross-sectional study, FFM was analyzed in relation to physical activity in a large participant group as compiled in the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labeled Water database. The database included 2000 participants, age 3-96 y, with measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE) and resting energy expenditure (REE) to allow calculation of physical activity level (PAL = TEE/REE), and calculation of FFM from isotope dilution. RESULTS: PAL was a main determinant of body composition at all ages. Models with age, fat mass (FM), and PAL explained 76% and 85% of the variation in FFM in females and males < 18 y old, and 32% and 47% of the variation in FFM in females and males ≥ 18 y old, respectively. In participants < 18 y old, mean FM-adjusted FFM was 1.7 kg (95% CI: 0.1, 3.2 kg) and 3.4 kg (95% CI: 1.0, 5.6 kg) higher in a very active participant with PAL = 2.0 than in a sedentary participant with PAL = 1.5, for females and males, respectively. At age 18 y, height and FM-adjusted FFM was 3.6 kg (95% CI: 2.8, 4.4 kg) and 4.4 kg (95% CI: 3.2, 5.7 kg) higher, and at age 80 y 0.7 kg (95% CI: -0.2, 1.7 kg) and 1.0 kg (95% CI: -0.1, 2.1 kg) higher, in a participant with PAL = 2.0 than in a participant with PAL = 1.5, for females and males, respectively.

Conclusions: If these associations are causal, they suggest physical activity is a major determinant of body composition as reflected in peak FFM, and that a physically active lifestyle can only partly protect against loss of FFM in aging adults.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1583–1589
Number of pages	7
Journal	The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Volume	114
Issue number	5
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab260
Publication status	Published - Nov 2021

Scopus Subject Areas

Medicine (miscellaneous)
Nutrition and Dietetics

User-Defined Keywords

physical activity level
age
energy expenditure
body composition
doubly labeled water

Access to Document

10.1093/ajcn/nqab260

Cite this

Westerterp, K. R., Yamada, Y., Sagayama, H., Ainslie, P. N., Andersen, L. F., Anderson, L. J., Arab, L., Baddou, I., Bedu-Addo, K., Blaak, E. E., Blanc, S., Bonomi, A. G., Bouten, C. V. C., Bovet, P., Buchowski, M. S., Butte, N. F., Camps, S. G. J. A., Close, G. L., Cooper, J. A., ... Wierik, E. J. V. (2021). Physical activity and fat-free mass during growth and in later life. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 114(5), 1583–1589. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab260

@article{4435e04bfd0f4a689241c623444666d3,

title = "Physical activity and fat-free mass during growth and in later life",

abstract = "Background: Physical activity may be a way to increase and maintain fat-free mass (FFM) in later life, similar to the prevention of fractures by increasing peak bone mass. OBJECTIVES: A study is presented of the association between FFM and physical activity in relation to age. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, FFM was analyzed in relation to physical activity in a large participant group as compiled in the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labeled Water database. The database included 2000 participants, age 3-96 y, with measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE) and resting energy expenditure (REE) to allow calculation of physical activity level (PAL = TEE/REE), and calculation of FFM from isotope dilution. RESULTS: PAL was a main determinant of body composition at all ages. Models with age, fat mass (FM), and PAL explained 76% and 85% of the variation in FFM in females and males < 18 y old, and 32% and 47% of the variation in FFM in females and males ≥ 18 y old, respectively. In participants < 18 y old, mean FM-adjusted FFM was 1.7 kg (95% CI: 0.1, 3.2 kg) and 3.4 kg (95% CI: 1.0, 5.6 kg) higher in a very active participant with PAL = 2.0 than in a sedentary participant with PAL = 1.5, for females and males, respectively. At age 18 y, height and FM-adjusted FFM was 3.6 kg (95% CI: 2.8, 4.4 kg) and 4.4 kg (95% CI: 3.2, 5.7 kg) higher, and at age 80 y 0.7 kg (95% CI: -0.2, 1.7 kg) and 1.0 kg (95% CI: -0.1, 2.1 kg) higher, in a participant with PAL = 2.0 than in a participant with PAL = 1.5, for females and males, respectively. Conclusions: If these associations are causal, they suggest physical activity is a major determinant of body composition as reflected in peak FFM, and that a physically active lifestyle can only partly protect against loss of FFM in aging adults.",

keywords = "physical activity level, age, energy expenditure, body composition, doubly labeled water",

author = "Westerterp, {Klaas R} and Yosuke Yamada and Hiroyuki Sagayama and Ainslie, {Philip N} and Andersen, {Lene F} and Anderson, {Liam J} and Lenore Arab and Issaad Baddou and Kweku Bedu-Addo and Blaak, {Ellen E} and Stephane Blanc and Bonomi, {Alberto G} and Bouten, {Carlijn V C} and Pascal Bovet and Buchowski, {Maciej S} and Butte, {Nancy F} and Camps, {Stefan G J A} and Close, {Graeme L} and Cooper, {Jamie A} and Das, {Sai K} and Richard Cooper and Dugas, {Lara R} and Ulf Ekelund and Sonja Entringer and Terrence Forrester and Fudge, {Barry W} and Goris, {Annelies H} and Michael Gurven and Catherine Hambly and Asmaa El Hamdouchi and Hoos, {Marije B} and Sumei Hu and Noorjehan Joonas and Joosen, {Annemiek M} and Peter Katzmarzyk and Kempen, {Kitty P} and Misaka Kimura and Kraus, {William E} and Kushner, {Robert F} and Lambert, {Estelle V} and Leonard, {William R} and Nader Lessan and Martin, {Corby K} and Medin, {Anine C} and Meijer, {Erwin P} and Morehen, {James C} and Morton, {James P} and Neuhouser, {Marian L} and Nicklas, {Theresa A} and Ojiambo, {Robert M} and Pietil{\"a}inen, {Kirsi H} and Pitsiladis, {Yannis P} and Jacob Plange-Rhule and Guy Plasqui and Prentice, {Ross L} and Rabinovich, {Roberto A} and Racette, {Susan B} and Raichlen, {David A} and Eric Ravussin and Reynolds, {Rebecca M} and Roberts, {Susan B} and Schuit, {Albertine J} and Sj{\"o}din, {Anders M} and Eric Stice and Urlacher, {Samuel S} and Giulio Valenti and Van Etten, {Ludo M} and Van Mil, {Edgar A} and Wells, {Jonathan C K} and George Wilson and Wood, {Brian M} and Jack Yanovski and Tsukasa Yoshida and Xueying Zhang and Murphy-Alford, {Alexia J} and Loechl, {Cornelia U} and Luke, {Amy H} and Herman Pontzer and Jennifer Rood and Schoeller, {Dale A} and Wong, {William W} and Speakman, {John R} and Stefan Branth and Colbert, {Lisa H} and Bruin, {Niels C De} and Dutman, {Alice E} and S{\"o}lve Elmst{\aa}hl and Mikael Fogelholm and Tamara Harris and Rik Heijligenberg and Jorgensen, {Hans U} and Larsson, {Christel L} and Rothenberg, {Elisabet M} and Margaret McCloskey and Meijer, {Gerwin A} and Pannemans, {Daphne L} and Sabine Schulz and Berg-Emons, {Rita Van den} and Gemert, {Wim G Van} and {Venne Verboeket-van de Venne}, {Wilhelmine W} and Verbunt, {Jeanine A} and Philippaerts, {Renaat M} and Amy Subar and Minna Tanskanen and Ricardo Uauy and Wierik, {Erica J Velthuis-te}",

note = "Funding Information: Supported by US National Science Foundation grant BCS-1824466 (to HP). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2021.",

year = "2021",

month = nov,

doi = "10.1093/ajcn/nqab260",

language = "English",

volume = "114",

pages = "1583–1589",

journal = "The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition",

number = "5",

}

Westerterp, KR, Yamada, Y, Sagayama, H, Ainslie, PN, Andersen, LF, Anderson, LJ, Arab, L, Baddou, I, Bedu-Addo, K, Blaak, EE, Blanc, S, Bonomi, AG, Bouten, CVC, Bovet, P, Buchowski, MS, Butte, NF, Camps, SGJA, Close, GL, Cooper, JA, Das, SK, Cooper, R, Dugas, LR, Ekelund, U, Entringer, S, Forrester, T, Fudge, BW, Goris, AH, Gurven, M, Hambly, C, El Hamdouchi, A, Hoos, MB, Hu, S, Joonas, N, Joosen, AM, Katzmarzyk, P, Kempen, KP, Kimura, M, Kraus, WE, Kushner, RF, Lambert, EV, Leonard, WR, Lessan, N, Martin, CK, Medin, AC, Meijer, EP, Morehen, JC, Morton, JP, Neuhouser, ML, Nicklas, TA, Ojiambo, RM, Pietiläinen, KH, Pitsiladis, YP, Plange-Rhule, J, Plasqui, G, Prentice, RL, Rabinovich, RA, Racette, SB, Raichlen, DA, Ravussin, E, Reynolds, RM, Roberts, SB, Schuit, AJ, Sjödin, AM, Stice, E, Urlacher, SS, Valenti, G, Van Etten, LM, Van Mil, EA, Wells, JCK, Wilson, G, Wood, BM, Yanovski, J, Yoshida, T, Zhang, X, Murphy-Alford, AJ, Loechl, CU, Luke, AH, Pontzer, H, Rood, J, Schoeller, DA, Wong, WW, Speakman, JR, Branth, S, Colbert, LH, Bruin, NCD, Dutman, AE, Elmståhl, S, Fogelholm, M, Harris, T, Heijligenberg, R, Jorgensen, HU, Larsson, CL, Rothenberg, EM, McCloskey, M, Meijer, GA, Pannemans, DL, Schulz, S, Berg-Emons, RVD, Gemert, WGV, Venne Verboeket-van de Venne, WW, Verbunt, JA, Philippaerts, RM, Subar, A, Tanskanen, M, Uauy, R & Wierik, EJV 2021, 'Physical activity and fat-free mass during growth and in later life', The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 114, no. 5, pp. 1583–1589. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab260

TY - JOUR

T1 - Physical activity and fat-free mass during growth and in later life

AU - Westerterp, Klaas R

AU - Yamada, Yosuke

AU - Sagayama, Hiroyuki

AU - Ainslie, Philip N

AU - Andersen, Lene F

AU - Anderson, Liam J

AU - Arab, Lenore

AU - Baddou, Issaad

AU - Bedu-Addo, Kweku

AU - Blaak, Ellen E

AU - Blanc, Stephane

AU - Bonomi, Alberto G

AU - Bouten, Carlijn V C

AU - Bovet, Pascal

AU - Buchowski, Maciej S

AU - Butte, Nancy F

AU - Camps, Stefan G J A

AU - Close, Graeme L

AU - Cooper, Jamie A

AU - Das, Sai K

AU - Cooper, Richard

AU - Dugas, Lara R

AU - Ekelund, Ulf

AU - Entringer, Sonja

AU - Forrester, Terrence

AU - Fudge, Barry W

AU - Goris, Annelies H

AU - Gurven, Michael

AU - Hambly, Catherine

AU - El Hamdouchi, Asmaa

AU - Hoos, Marije B

AU - Hu, Sumei

AU - Joonas, Noorjehan

AU - Joosen, Annemiek M

AU - Katzmarzyk, Peter

AU - Kempen, Kitty P

AU - Kimura, Misaka

AU - Kraus, William E

AU - Kushner, Robert F

AU - Lambert, Estelle V

AU - Leonard, William R

AU - Lessan, Nader

AU - Martin, Corby K

AU - Medin, Anine C

AU - Meijer, Erwin P

AU - Morehen, James C

AU - Morton, James P

AU - Neuhouser, Marian L

AU - Nicklas, Theresa A

AU - Ojiambo, Robert M

AU - Pietiläinen, Kirsi H

AU - Pitsiladis, Yannis P

AU - Plange-Rhule, Jacob

AU - Plasqui, Guy

AU - Prentice, Ross L

AU - Rabinovich, Roberto A

AU - Racette, Susan B

AU - Raichlen, David A

AU - Ravussin, Eric

AU - Reynolds, Rebecca M

AU - Roberts, Susan B

AU - Schuit, Albertine J

AU - Sjödin, Anders M

AU - Stice, Eric

AU - Urlacher, Samuel S

AU - Valenti, Giulio

AU - Van Etten, Ludo M

AU - Van Mil, Edgar A

AU - Wells, Jonathan C K

AU - Wilson, George

AU - Wood, Brian M

AU - Yanovski, Jack

AU - Yoshida, Tsukasa

AU - Zhang, Xueying

AU - Murphy-Alford, Alexia J

AU - Loechl, Cornelia U

AU - Luke, Amy H

AU - Pontzer, Herman

AU - Rood, Jennifer

AU - Schoeller, Dale A

AU - Wong, William W

AU - Speakman, John R

A2 - Branth, Stefan

A2 - Colbert, Lisa H

A2 - Bruin, Niels C De

A2 - Dutman, Alice E

A2 - Elmståhl, Sölve

A2 - Fogelholm, Mikael

A2 - Harris, Tamara

A2 - Heijligenberg, Rik

A2 - Jorgensen, Hans U

A2 - Larsson, Christel L

A2 - Rothenberg, Elisabet M

A2 - McCloskey, Margaret

A2 - Meijer, Gerwin A

A2 - Pannemans, Daphne L

A2 - Schulz, Sabine

A2 - Berg-Emons, Rita Van den

A2 - Gemert, Wim G Van

A2 - Venne Verboeket-van de Venne, Wilhelmine W

A2 - Verbunt, Jeanine A

A2 - Philippaerts, Renaat M

A2 - Subar, Amy

A2 - Tanskanen, Minna

A2 - Uauy, Ricardo

A2 - Wierik, Erica J Velthuis-te

PY - 2021/11

Y1 - 2021/11

N2 - Background: Physical activity may be a way to increase and maintain fat-free mass (FFM) in later life, similar to the prevention of fractures by increasing peak bone mass. OBJECTIVES: A study is presented of the association between FFM and physical activity in relation to age. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, FFM was analyzed in relation to physical activity in a large participant group as compiled in the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labeled Water database. The database included 2000 participants, age 3-96 y, with measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE) and resting energy expenditure (REE) to allow calculation of physical activity level (PAL = TEE/REE), and calculation of FFM from isotope dilution. RESULTS: PAL was a main determinant of body composition at all ages. Models with age, fat mass (FM), and PAL explained 76% and 85% of the variation in FFM in females and males < 18 y old, and 32% and 47% of the variation in FFM in females and males ≥ 18 y old, respectively. In participants < 18 y old, mean FM-adjusted FFM was 1.7 kg (95% CI: 0.1, 3.2 kg) and 3.4 kg (95% CI: 1.0, 5.6 kg) higher in a very active participant with PAL = 2.0 than in a sedentary participant with PAL = 1.5, for females and males, respectively. At age 18 y, height and FM-adjusted FFM was 3.6 kg (95% CI: 2.8, 4.4 kg) and 4.4 kg (95% CI: 3.2, 5.7 kg) higher, and at age 80 y 0.7 kg (95% CI: -0.2, 1.7 kg) and 1.0 kg (95% CI: -0.1, 2.1 kg) higher, in a participant with PAL = 2.0 than in a participant with PAL = 1.5, for females and males, respectively. Conclusions: If these associations are causal, they suggest physical activity is a major determinant of body composition as reflected in peak FFM, and that a physically active lifestyle can only partly protect against loss of FFM in aging adults.

AB - Background: Physical activity may be a way to increase and maintain fat-free mass (FFM) in later life, similar to the prevention of fractures by increasing peak bone mass. OBJECTIVES: A study is presented of the association between FFM and physical activity in relation to age. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, FFM was analyzed in relation to physical activity in a large participant group as compiled in the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labeled Water database. The database included 2000 participants, age 3-96 y, with measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE) and resting energy expenditure (REE) to allow calculation of physical activity level (PAL = TEE/REE), and calculation of FFM from isotope dilution. RESULTS: PAL was a main determinant of body composition at all ages. Models with age, fat mass (FM), and PAL explained 76% and 85% of the variation in FFM in females and males < 18 y old, and 32% and 47% of the variation in FFM in females and males ≥ 18 y old, respectively. In participants < 18 y old, mean FM-adjusted FFM was 1.7 kg (95% CI: 0.1, 3.2 kg) and 3.4 kg (95% CI: 1.0, 5.6 kg) higher in a very active participant with PAL = 2.0 than in a sedentary participant with PAL = 1.5, for females and males, respectively. At age 18 y, height and FM-adjusted FFM was 3.6 kg (95% CI: 2.8, 4.4 kg) and 4.4 kg (95% CI: 3.2, 5.7 kg) higher, and at age 80 y 0.7 kg (95% CI: -0.2, 1.7 kg) and 1.0 kg (95% CI: -0.1, 2.1 kg) higher, in a participant with PAL = 2.0 than in a participant with PAL = 1.5, for females and males, respectively. Conclusions: If these associations are causal, they suggest physical activity is a major determinant of body composition as reflected in peak FFM, and that a physically active lifestyle can only partly protect against loss of FFM in aging adults.

KW - physical activity level

KW - age

KW - energy expenditure

KW - body composition

KW - doubly labeled water

UR - https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85118441591&origin=inward

U2 - 10.1093/ajcn/nqab260

DO - 10.1093/ajcn/nqab260

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 34477824

VL - 114

SP - 1583

EP - 1589

JO - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

IS - 5

ER -

Physical activity and fat-free mass during growth and in later life

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