PH20-modified exosomes loaded curcumin inhibit desmoplastic breast cancer by breaking extracellular matrix barrier and normalizing cancer-associated fibroblasts

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a typical desmoplastic tumor, is characterized by dense fibrotic stroma enriched with cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Activated CAFs secrete abundant cytokine to promote tumor progression, while continuously recruit ECM proteins to form stiff pathological barriers that impede drug penetration and immune cell infiltration. In this work, we designed engineered exosomes co-modified with hyaluronidase PH20 (Exos-PH20) and curcumin (Cur) to specifically deliver Cur, aiming to breakthrough desmoplastic tumor microenvironment (TME) for deep tumor penetration, CAFs normalization rather than elimination, and amplification of anticancer efficacy. Results showed that Exos-PH20@Cur leverage the tumor-targeting capability of exosomes and PH20-mediated hyaluronan degradation to achieve deep intratumoral penetration. Meanwhile, the normalization of CAFs by suppressing PRMT5-strengthened Smad3-mediated fibrotic gene transcription, can alleviate TNBC fibrosis and even can disrupt TGF-β and IL-6 mediated crosstalk of CAFs with cancer cells to combat tumor invasion. As a result, the enhanced accumulation of Exos-PH20@Cur in tumor core, along with increased CD8⁺ T cells infiltration, contributed to effective cytotoxic inhibition on cancer cells. This green synthesized biocompatible nanoplatform offers a promising dual therapeutic strategy for remodeling desmoplastic TME and inhibiting tumor progression with effective drug delivery for improved TNBC therapeutic outcomes.