Perceptions of Parenting in Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong: Sex Differences and Societal Differences

Variations in parenting in Chinese families were examined with data from adults in mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Ss completed questionnaires that assessed their perceptions of their mothers' and fathers' warmth and control during their childhood. Results revealed sex differences in perceptions of parenting that were comparable in the 3 societies. Mothers generally were perceived as warmer and as less controlling than fathers. Perceptions of parenting also differed for sons and daughters. Daughters perceived their fathers as warmer and as less controlling than did sons. Differences among the 3 societies existed in adults' perceptions of their parents' overall warmth and control. Hong Kong adults perceived both parents as less warm and more controlling than did Taiwan and mainland China adults. These findings have implications for future research on Chinese families and for an understanding of cultural influences on parenting.