TY - JOUR
T1 - P-Phenylenediamine Antioxidants in PM2.5
T2 - The Underestimated Urban Air Pollutants
AU - Zhang, Yanhao
AU - Xu, Caihong
AU - Zhang, Wenfen
AU - Qi, Zenghua
AU - Song, Yuanyuan
AU - Zhu, Lin
AU - Dong, Chuan
AU - Chen, Jianmin
AU - Cai, Zongwei
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91843301, 22106129, and 91543202), and the National Key research and development program cooperation on scientific and technological innovation in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan (2017YFE0191000). We also thank Dr. Simon Wang, who helped improve the linguistic presentation of the manuscript.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 American Chemical Society
PY - 2022/6/7
Y1 - 2022/6/7
N2 - The wide use and continuous abrasion of rubber-related products appears to be leading to an incredible release of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) antioxidants in the environment. However, no related research has been conducted on the pollution characteristics and potential health risks of PM2.5-bound PPDs. We report for the first time the ubiquitous distributions of six emerging PPDs and a quinone derivative, N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPDQ), in PM2.5from urban areas of China. Atmospheric contamination levels of PM2.5-bound PPDs were found to be mostly in pg m-3amounts between 2018 and 2019. Urban vehicle rubber tire abrasion was found to probably contribute to the PPDs in PM2.5and accounted for their significant spatiotemporal-dependent concentration variations. Furthermore, 6PPDQ, an emerging oxidation product of 6PPD in the environment, was first quantified (pg m-3) with a total detection rate of 81% in the urban PM2.5, demonstrating its broad existence. On the basis of the determined ambient concentrations, the annual intakes of PPDs and 6PPDQ for adults were not low, indicating their possible human health risks induced by long-term exposure. This study confirms the widespread occurrence of PPDs and 6PPDQ in PM2.5, showing that the pollution of such compounds in urban air should not be underestimated.
AB - The wide use and continuous abrasion of rubber-related products appears to be leading to an incredible release of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) antioxidants in the environment. However, no related research has been conducted on the pollution characteristics and potential health risks of PM2.5-bound PPDs. We report for the first time the ubiquitous distributions of six emerging PPDs and a quinone derivative, N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPDQ), in PM2.5from urban areas of China. Atmospheric contamination levels of PM2.5-bound PPDs were found to be mostly in pg m-3amounts between 2018 and 2019. Urban vehicle rubber tire abrasion was found to probably contribute to the PPDs in PM2.5and accounted for their significant spatiotemporal-dependent concentration variations. Furthermore, 6PPDQ, an emerging oxidation product of 6PPD in the environment, was first quantified (pg m-3) with a total detection rate of 81% in the urban PM2.5, demonstrating its broad existence. On the basis of the determined ambient concentrations, the annual intakes of PPDs and 6PPDQ for adults were not low, indicating their possible human health risks induced by long-term exposure. This study confirms the widespread occurrence of PPDs and 6PPDQ in PM2.5, showing that the pollution of such compounds in urban air should not be underestimated.
KW - 6PPD-quinone
KW - contamination profiles
KW - health risks
KW - PPD antioxidants
KW - urban PM2.5
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85116547689&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1021/acs.est.1c04500
DO - 10.1021/acs.est.1c04500
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 34551519
AN - SCOPUS:85116547689
SN - 0013-936X
VL - 56
SP - 6914
EP - 6921
JO - Environmental Science & Technology
JF - Environmental Science & Technology
IS - 11
ER -
