Non-invasive neuromodulation assisted by exogenous stimuli-responsive nanoplatforms for Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson's disease therapy

In recent decades, the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) has risen continuously, significantly impairing patients’ quality of life while imposing growing economic and social burdens. Traditional treatments exhibit limited effectiveness in halting disease progression. Non-invasive neuromodulation techniques, utilizing electromagnetic fields, light, or ultrasound, have emerged as promising strategies to modulate neural activity and alleviate symptoms. However, achieving spatially precise and targeted neuromodulation remains challenging. The integration of stimuli-responsive nanoplatforms addresses this limitation. These nanoplatforms, engineered to respond to specific stimuli, can deliver therapeutic agents to the desired brain regions. By enabling controlled and localized drug release, they facilitate precise neuromodulation. Despite their potential, several hurdles must be overcome, including the optimization of nanoplatform design, elucidating complex nanoplatform-brain interactions, and ensuring long-term safety and efficacy. Nonetheless, combining non-invasive neuromodulation with stimuli-responsive nanoplatforms holds revolutionary potential for neurodegenerative disease therapy, offering targeted, personalized treatments that may halt or slow disease progression. This comprehensive review explores the therapeutic potential and applications of non-invasive neuromodulation assisted by exogenous stimuli-responsive nanoplatforms for AD and PD therapy.