Non-aqueous solution synthesis of Pt-based nanostructures for fuel cell catalysts

Platinum (Pt) is widely adopted in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), which efficiently convert the chemical energy of a fuel, typical hydrogen, into electrical energy electrochemically. However, PEMFCs are commercially limited by the expensive Pt and low catalytic activity preventing them from widespread application. Alloying Pt with other metals is considered to be one of the effective ways to break through commercial restrictions. Hence, it is crucial to reduce the consumption of Pt and promote the catalytic activity and stability of Pt-based catalysts. To achieve the ultimate goal, various Pt-based nanostructures with controlled and tunable sizes, morphology, compositions, and facets have been prepared. In the synthetic methods of Pt-based nanostructures, non-aqueous solutions, which have higher boiling point compared with aqueous solution and can promote alloying Pt with high reduction energy barrier and high melting point metal elements, have been proven to be a promising choice for synthesizing high-performance catalysts. Herein, an overview of the recent advances in the non-aqueous solution synthesis of Pt-based nanostructures with the main focus on process–structure relationships are provided. Finally, some future perspectives on the remaining synthesis challenges of Pt-based fuel cell catalysts are presented.