Living through Dying in the Zhuangzi

Daoist thought is well-known for its emphasis on “nothingness” as a mode of optimal living in the world. This optimal living in the world is what the Zhuangzi 莊子 calls “caring for life” (yangsheng 養生). This “caring for life”, exemplified by the butcher’s story, has been understood as an analogy for securing safety in turbulent social times and as a satirical account of ritual. However, what neither of these readings have noticed is how the Zhuangzi’s story of the butcher uses “death” to present a theory on optimal living. This article analyzes death in relation to “negation” (wu 無), “forgetting” (wang 忘), and the body. As a story about “living through dying”, the idea of “caring for life” can be connected to other themes of death and dying in the Zhuangzi that paradoxically lead to greater experience, connection with Dao, and fullness of life. Through an examination of death and dying in relation to methods of cultivation, this article will argue that the Zhuangzi’s idea of “caring for living” should be understood as “living through dying”.