Language hierarchies and community resilience: sociolinguistic analysis of multilingual disaster communication in rural Malawi

This article examines the role of language in enhancing disaster resilience for cyclone-affected communities in rural Malawi. It focuses on the linguistic challenges faced in humanitarian aid efforts in a multilingual context, where English dominates institutional communication, and Chichewa is largely used for community outreach, despite most affected communities primarily speaking local minority languages such as Chiyao. Drawing on surveys conducted with NGO staff and affected populations, the study analyses patterns of language use, formal and informal translation practices, and technological communication methods. The findings reveal significant gaps in professional translation services, reliance on bilingual community members operating informally, and limited use of translation technologies. The absence of formal translation frameworks often results in barriers to communication, particularly with marginalized populations, including women and illiterate citizens. The article highlights the need for structured translation approaches, utilizing multilingual community members, culture- and gender-sensitive communication, and the integration of technology to ensure equitable access to disaster information with the aim of strengthening resilience and inclusivity in humanitarian responses.