Influence of foot strike patterns on local dynamic stability of the lower extremity

Hanyu Zhang; Yiwei Lin; Ao Lian; Xiaoge Xiao; Zhengyi Lu; Wing-Kai Lam; Yifang Fan

doi:10.1117/12.3102708

Influence of foot strike patterns on local dynamic stability of the lower extremity

Hanyu Zhang
, Yiwei Lin
, Ao Lian
, Xiaoge Xiao
, Zhengyi Lu
, Wing-Kai Lam
, Yifang Fan

Academy of Wellness and Human Development

Research output: Chapter in book/report/conference proceeding › Conference proceeding › peer-review

Abstract

This study examined how foot strike patterns affect lower extremity stability during running. Ten habitual forefoot and ten habitual rearfoot strike runners performed a 15-minute running trial on an instrumented treadmill at a speed of 3 m/s, with motion capture system collecting three-dimensional kinematics of the lower extremity. The local dynamic stability of the hip, knee, and ankle joints in each of the movement planes was calculated using the maximum Lyapunov exponent. The results demonstrated that forefoot strike runners exhibited higher knee stability in the sagittal plane compared with rearfoot strike runners. Additionally, the ankle stability in the frontal plane was potentially influenced by running duration. These findings can provide direct evidence for common knee injuries in rearfoot strike runners and suggest that the application of local dynamic stability can offer valuable insights into the mechanisms of running-related injuries.

Original language	English
Title of host publication	Fifth International Conference on Information Technology and Contemporary Sports (TCS 2025)
Editors	Razali Yaakob, Thangarajah Akilan
Place of Publication	Bellingham
Publisher	SPIE
ISBN (Electronic)	9798902321903
ISBN (Print)	9798902321897
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3102708
Publication status	Published - 12 Feb 2026
Event	Fifth International Conference on Information Technology and Contemporary Sports - Guangzhou, China Duration: 14 Nov 2025 → 16 Nov 2025 https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/14115.toc#FrontMatterVolume14115 (Conference proceeding)

Publication series

Name	Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering
Volume	14115
ISSN (Print)	0277-786X
ISSN (Electronic)	1996-756X

Conference

Conference	Fifth International Conference on Information Technology and Contemporary Sports
Abbreviated title	TCS 2025
Country/Territory	China
City	Guangzhou
Period	14/11/25 → 16/11/25
Internet address	https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/14115.toc#FrontMatterVolume14115 (Conference proceeding)

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being

User-Defined Keywords

Running injuries
Joint stability
Foot strike
Motor control

Access to Document

10.1117/12.3102708

Cite this

Zhang, H., Lin, Y., Lian, A., Xiao, X., Lu, Z., Lam, W.-K., & Fan, Y. (2026). Influence of foot strike patterns on local dynamic stability of the lower extremity. In R. Yaakob, & T. Akilan (Eds.), Fifth International Conference on Information Technology and Contemporary Sports (TCS 2025) Article 141150M (Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering; Vol. 14115). SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3102708

@inproceedings{668cb95409904f67a922ead935e478fd,

title = "Influence of foot strike patterns on local dynamic stability of the lower extremity",

abstract = "This study examined how foot strike patterns affect lower extremity stability during running. Ten habitual forefoot and ten habitual rearfoot strike runners performed a 15-minute running trial on an instrumented treadmill at a speed of 3 m/s, with motion capture system collecting three-dimensional kinematics of the lower extremity. The local dynamic stability of the hip, knee, and ankle joints in each of the movement planes was calculated using the maximum Lyapunov exponent. The results demonstrated that forefoot strike runners exhibited higher knee stability in the sagittal plane compared with rearfoot strike runners. Additionally, the ankle stability in the frontal plane was potentially influenced by running duration. These findings can provide direct evidence for common knee injuries in rearfoot strike runners and suggest that the application of local dynamic stability can offer valuable insights into the mechanisms of running-related injuries.",

keywords = "Running injuries, Joint stability, Foot strike, Motor control",

author = "Hanyu Zhang and Yiwei Lin and Ao Lian and Xiaoge Xiao and Zhengyi Lu and Wing-Kai Lam and Yifang Fan",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2026 SPIE; Fifth International Conference on Information Technology and Contemporary Sports, TCS 2025 ; Conference date: 14-11-2025 Through 16-11-2025",

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day = "12",

doi = "10.1117/12.3102708",

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series = "Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering",

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booktitle = "Fifth International Conference on Information Technology and Contemporary Sports (TCS 2025)",

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Zhang, H, Lin, Y, Lian, A, Xiao, X, Lu, Z, Lam, W-K & Fan, Y 2026, Influence of foot strike patterns on local dynamic stability of the lower extremity. in R Yaakob & T Akilan (eds), Fifth International Conference on Information Technology and Contemporary Sports (TCS 2025)., 141150M, Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, vol. 14115, SPIE, Bellingham, Fifth International Conference on Information Technology and Contemporary Sports, Guangzhou, China, 14/11/25. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3102708

Influence of foot strike patterns on local dynamic stability of the lower extremity. / Zhang, Hanyu; Lin, Yiwei; Lian, Ao et al.
Fifth International Conference on Information Technology and Contemporary Sports (TCS 2025). ed. / Razali Yaakob; Thangarajah Akilan. Bellingham: SPIE, 2026. 141150M (Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering; Vol. 14115).

Research output: Chapter in book/report/conference proceeding › Conference proceeding › peer-review

TY - GEN

T1 - Influence of foot strike patterns on local dynamic stability of the lower extremity

AU - Zhang, Hanyu

AU - Lin, Yiwei

AU - Lian, Ao

AU - Xiao, Xiaoge

AU - Lu, Zhengyi

AU - Lam, Wing-Kai

AU - Fan, Yifang

PY - 2026/2/12

Y1 - 2026/2/12

N2 - This study examined how foot strike patterns affect lower extremity stability during running. Ten habitual forefoot and ten habitual rearfoot strike runners performed a 15-minute running trial on an instrumented treadmill at a speed of 3 m/s, with motion capture system collecting three-dimensional kinematics of the lower extremity. The local dynamic stability of the hip, knee, and ankle joints in each of the movement planes was calculated using the maximum Lyapunov exponent. The results demonstrated that forefoot strike runners exhibited higher knee stability in the sagittal plane compared with rearfoot strike runners. Additionally, the ankle stability in the frontal plane was potentially influenced by running duration. These findings can provide direct evidence for common knee injuries in rearfoot strike runners and suggest that the application of local dynamic stability can offer valuable insights into the mechanisms of running-related injuries.

AB - This study examined how foot strike patterns affect lower extremity stability during running. Ten habitual forefoot and ten habitual rearfoot strike runners performed a 15-minute running trial on an instrumented treadmill at a speed of 3 m/s, with motion capture system collecting three-dimensional kinematics of the lower extremity. The local dynamic stability of the hip, knee, and ankle joints in each of the movement planes was calculated using the maximum Lyapunov exponent. The results demonstrated that forefoot strike runners exhibited higher knee stability in the sagittal plane compared with rearfoot strike runners. Additionally, the ankle stability in the frontal plane was potentially influenced by running duration. These findings can provide direct evidence for common knee injuries in rearfoot strike runners and suggest that the application of local dynamic stability can offer valuable insights into the mechanisms of running-related injuries.

KW - Running injuries

KW - Joint stability

KW - Foot strike

KW - Motor control

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DO - 10.1117/12.3102708

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SN - 9798902321897

T3 - Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering

BT - Fifth International Conference on Information Technology and Contemporary Sports (TCS 2025)

A2 - Yaakob, Razali

A2 - Akilan, Thangarajah

PB - SPIE

CY - Bellingham

T2 - Fifth International Conference on Information Technology and Contemporary Sports

Y2 - 14 November 2025 through 16 November 2025

ER -

Zhang H, Lin Y, Lian A, Xiao X, Lu Z, Lam WK et al. Influence of foot strike patterns on local dynamic stability of the lower extremity. In Yaakob R, Akilan T, editors, Fifth International Conference on Information Technology and Contemporary Sports (TCS 2025). Bellingham: SPIE. 2026. 141150M. (Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering). doi: 10.1117/12.3102708

Influence of foot strike patterns on local dynamic stability of the lower extremity

Abstract

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UN SDGs

User-Defined Keywords

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