Gender Disparity Among Homeless People: Evidence From a Territory-Wide Survey in Hong Kong

Objective: This study examined gender differences and their impact on the livelihoods of the homeless population in Hong Kong, exploring variables such as homeless duration, mental health, social relationships, economic status, risky behavior, and welfare assistance utilization. 

Background: Gender inequalities worsen the health vulnerabilities of homeless women. While existing studies have focused on Western contexts, there is a lack of understanding in non-Western settings, especially in East Asian regions with a strongly patriarchal culture like Hong Kong. 

Methods: Based on gender socialization theory, the study analyzed quantitative data from the largest territory-wide study of Hong Kong's homeless population in 2021. Models included measures of duration of homelessness, reason for homelessness, health, mental health, economic status, risky behavior, social relationships, and the use of welfare assistance. 

Results: Homeless women had shorter homelessness duration (32.8 vs. 48.2 months for men) and more frequent connections with friends and families. Despite less risky behaviors, women faced more mental health issues (higher PHQ-2 and GAD-2 scores), poorer economic status (lower median income), and did not seek welfare assistance more actively than men. 

Conclusion: Effective interventions require targeted outreach for invisible women, gender-specific and trauma-informed mental health services, and homeless-friendly policies accounting for gender disparities.