TY - JOUR
T1 - Fractionated algal organic materials as precursors of disinfection by-products and mutagens upon chlorination
AU - Lui, Yuen Shan
AU - Hong, Huachang
AU - Zheng, Gene Jin Shu
AU - Liang, Yan
N1 - This study was supported by the Faculty Research Grant (FRG/07-08/II-10, FRG/08-09/056, Faculty of Science of Hong Kong Baptist University) awarded to Y. Liang.
Publisher copyright:
© 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
PY - 2012/3/30
Y1 - 2012/3/30
N2 - Cells and proteins of Chlamydomonas sp. (a common green alga in local reservoirs) were separated by ultrafiltration respectively into 3 fractions with variable molecular weights (MW: >100, 10-3 and <3kDa). After chlorination (20°C, pH 7, Cl 2/DOC ratio of 20mgCl 2mg -1, 120h), levels of disinfection by-products (DBPs) and mutagenicity (via Salmonella T100 mutation assay, -S9) were analyzed. The highest yields of chloroform (2571μmolmolC -1), DCAA (19,083μmolmolC -1) and TCAA (4939μmolmolC -1) were observed from the fraction of MW>100kDa, while the fraction of 3-10kDa was potent DCAN precursor. In contrast, the chlorinated MW 3-10kDa cell fraction showed high mutagenicity (maximum level of 93revμL -1 at 2min), while the MW>100kDa cell fraction showed low mutagenicity (maximum level of 16.6revμL -1 at 7200min) after chlorination. This indicated that unmeasured DBPs or possible interactions among the DBPs contributed to the mutagenicity. Comparing between the cell and protein fractions, the former was more potent in forming chloroform, DCAA, TCAA, DCAN and TCAN. This is the first study that fractionated algal cells and proteins were examined for DBP formation and mutagenicity.
AB - Cells and proteins of Chlamydomonas sp. (a common green alga in local reservoirs) were separated by ultrafiltration respectively into 3 fractions with variable molecular weights (MW: >100, 10-3 and <3kDa). After chlorination (20°C, pH 7, Cl 2/DOC ratio of 20mgCl 2mg -1, 120h), levels of disinfection by-products (DBPs) and mutagenicity (via Salmonella T100 mutation assay, -S9) were analyzed. The highest yields of chloroform (2571μmolmolC -1), DCAA (19,083μmolmolC -1) and TCAA (4939μmolmolC -1) were observed from the fraction of MW>100kDa, while the fraction of 3-10kDa was potent DCAN precursor. In contrast, the chlorinated MW 3-10kDa cell fraction showed high mutagenicity (maximum level of 93revμL -1 at 2min), while the MW>100kDa cell fraction showed low mutagenicity (maximum level of 16.6revμL -1 at 7200min) after chlorination. This indicated that unmeasured DBPs or possible interactions among the DBPs contributed to the mutagenicity. Comparing between the cell and protein fractions, the former was more potent in forming chloroform, DCAA, TCAA, DCAN and TCAN. This is the first study that fractionated algal cells and proteins were examined for DBP formation and mutagenicity.
KW - Algal cell
KW - Algal protein
KW - Chlamydomonas sp.
KW - Chlorination intermediate by-products
KW - Fractionation
KW - Mutagenic potency
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84857372797&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.01.023
DO - 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.01.023
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 22285917
AN - SCOPUS:84857372797
SN - 0304-3894
VL - 209-210
SP - 278
EP - 284
JO - Journal of Hazardous Materials
JF - Journal of Hazardous Materials
ER -
