Economical Di-Rhamnolipids Biosynthesis by Non-Pathogenic Burkholderia thailandensis E264 Using Post-Consumption Food Waste in a Biorefinery Approach

Rhamnolipids (RLs) are one of the most promising eco-friendly green alternatives to commercially viable fossil fuel-based surfactants. However, the current bioprocess practices cannot meet the required affordability, quantity, and biocompatibility within an industrially relevant framework. To circumvent these issues, our study aims to develop a sustainable biorefinery approach using post-consumption food waste as a second-generation feedstock. In-depth substrate screening revealed that food waste hydrolysate (FWH) was rich in readily assimilable carbohydrates, volatile fatty acids, and amino acids. The fermentative valorization of FWH as a sole carbon and energy source with Burkholderis thailandensis E264 in a bioreactor showed active RLs biosynthesis of up to 0.6–0.8 g/L (34–40 mg/g FWH) in a short duration (72 h). In terms of the kinetic parameters, the FWH-RLs outperformed other supplemented pure/waste streams. Interestingly, the recovered RLs had a long chain length, with Rha-Rha-C₁₂-C₁₄ being the predominant isoform and exhibiting a strong emulsification ability (E₂₄, 54.6%). To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to prove bioreactor-level RLs production and their abundance in food waste. Moreover, the feasibility of this developed process could propel next-generation biosurfactants, lower waste burdens, and increase the industrial applicability of RLs, thereby significantly contributing to the development of a circular bioeconomy.