Dissecting the anti-obesity components of ginseng: How ginseng polysaccharides and ginsenosides target gut microbiota to suppress high-fat diet-induced obesity

Introduction: Ginseng demonstrates therapeutic potential in treating obesity, with both experimental and clinical studies suggesting its anti-obesity effects are mediated by gut microbiota. Nonetheless, the specific chemical components responsible for this effect remain largely unidentified.
Objectives: This study aims to investigate the anti-obesity effects and mechanisms of ginseng polysaccharides (GP) and ginsenosides (GS), the primary chemical components of ginseng, with a focus on their impact on gut microbiota.
Methods: The impact of GP and GS on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity was assessed using a mouse model. Molecular mechanisms were explored through a combination of chemical analysis, metagenomics, RT-qPCR, ELISA, and biochemical assays.
Results: GP or GS administration effectively prevented adiposity in HFD-fed mice, and both effects were mediated by gut microbiota. Chemical analysis revealed diverse glycosyl groups in GP and GS. Metagenomics data suggested that GP-enriched species, e.g., Bacteroides stercorirosoris and Clostridiales bacterium encoded carbohydrate-active enzymes GH35, GH43 and PL9_1, while GS-enriched Sulfurospirillum halorespirans encoded GH16_5. These enzymes facilitated the utilization of glycosyl groups in GP and GS, selectively stimulating bacterial growth and reshaping the gut microbiota. Furthermore, bacterial species enriched by GP or GS encoded specific functional genes involved in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) synthesis (K00625 and K00925 for GP; K18118, K00100, and K18122 for GS) and intestinal gluconeogenesis (IGN) (K01678, K00024, and K01596 for GP; K18118 and K00278 for GS). Consequently, the SCFA-GLP-1/PYY signaling and IGN were activated by both GP and GS to ameliorate obesity phenotypes.
Conclusion: GP and GS, containing diverse glycosyl groups, selectively stimulate specific gut bacteria, triggering mechanisms involved in SCFA-GLP-1/PYY signaling and IGN activation to reduce adiposity in HFD-fed mice. The study enhances understanding of the chemical components crucial for the gut microbiota-mediated anti-obesity effect of ginseng. The mechanistic understanding provides valuable insights for developing ginseng-based drugs or health products to combat obesity.