Capacity management of vehicle-to-grid system for power regulation services

Due to green initiatives adopted in many countries, renewable energy will be massively incorporated into the future smart grid. However, the intermittency of the renewables may result in power imbalance, thus adversely affecting the stability of a power system. Voltage regulation may be used to maintain the power balance at all times. As electric vehicles (EVs) become popular, they may be connected to the grid to form a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) system. An aggregation of EVs can be coordinated to provide voltage regulation services. However, V2G is a dynamic system where EVs are connected to the grid according to the owners' habits. In this paper, we model an aggregation of EVs with a queueing network, whose structure allows us to estimate the capacities for regulation up and regulation down, separately. The estimated capacities from the V2G system can be used for establishing a regulation contract between an aggregator and the grid operator, and facilitate a new business model for V2G.