TY - JOUR
T1 - Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of persistent organic pollutants
AU - Fang, Jing
AU - Zhao, Hongzhi
AU - Zhang, Yanhao
AU - Lu, Minghua
AU - Cai, Zongwei
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was financially supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 21437002), National Key Research and Development Program-Cooperation on Scientific and Technological Innovation in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan (No. 2017YFE0191000), Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 2017YFC1600505) and Areas of Excellence (AOE) of from Research Grants Council (RGC) of Hong Kong, China (No. AoE/M-707/18).
Funding Information:
This work was financially supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 21437002 ), National Key Research and Development Program-Cooperation on Scientific and Technological Innovation in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan (No. 2017YFE0191000 ), Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 2017YFC1600505 ) and Areas of Excellence (AOE) of from Research Grants Council (RGC) of Hong Kong, China (No. AoE/M-707/18 ).
PY - 2020/3
Y1 - 2020/3
N2 - Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) was primarily applied as the ion source for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS). While APCI started to be used in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) in 1970s, GC-APCI-MS was not widely used until recently. As a soft ionization technique, APCI provides highly diagnostic molecular ions, which is favored for the wide-scope screening. With the capability of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), GC-APCI-MS methods with high sensitivity and selectivity have been developed and applied in the analysis of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in environment and biological samples at trace levels. The present review introduces the history of the APCI source, with emphasis on mechanisms of ionization processes under the positive and negative ionization modes. Comparison between GC-APCI-MS and GC–MS with traditional electron ionization (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) are provided and discussed for selectivity, sensitivity and stability for the analyses of POPs. Previous studies found that the GC-APCI-MS methods provided limits of detection (LODs) around 10–100 times lower than other methods. An overview of GC-APCI-MS applications is given with the discussions on the advantages and drawbacks of various analytical methods applied for the analyses of POPs.
AB - Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) was primarily applied as the ion source for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS). While APCI started to be used in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) in 1970s, GC-APCI-MS was not widely used until recently. As a soft ionization technique, APCI provides highly diagnostic molecular ions, which is favored for the wide-scope screening. With the capability of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), GC-APCI-MS methods with high sensitivity and selectivity have been developed and applied in the analysis of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in environment and biological samples at trace levels. The present review introduces the history of the APCI source, with emphasis on mechanisms of ionization processes under the positive and negative ionization modes. Comparison between GC-APCI-MS and GC–MS with traditional electron ionization (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) are provided and discussed for selectivity, sensitivity and stability for the analyses of POPs. Previous studies found that the GC-APCI-MS methods provided limits of detection (LODs) around 10–100 times lower than other methods. An overview of GC-APCI-MS applications is given with the discussions on the advantages and drawbacks of various analytical methods applied for the analyses of POPs.
KW - Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
KW - Environmental pollutants
KW - Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
KW - Persistent organic pollutants
KW - Review
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85076546622&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.teac.2019.e00076
DO - 10.1016/j.teac.2019.e00076
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85076546622
SN - 2214-1588
VL - 25
JO - Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry
JF - Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry
M1 - e00076
ER -