TY - JOUR
T1 - Analysis of azole fungicides in fish muscle tissues
T2 - Multi-factor optimization and application to environmental samples
AU - Zhong, Yuanhong
AU - Chen, Zhi Feng
AU - Liu, Shuang Shuang
AU - Dai, Xiaoxin
AU - Zhu, Xinping
AU - Zheng, Guangming
AU - Liu, Shugui
AU - Liu, Guoguang
AU - CAI, Zongwei
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 21507163 ) and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China ( 2014A030310136 ).
PY - 2017/2/15
Y1 - 2017/2/15
N2 - Azole fungicides have been reported to be accumulated in fish tissue. In this study, a sensitive and robust method using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with ultrasonic extraction, solid-liquid clean-up, liquid–liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction (SPE) for enrichment and purification have been proposed for determination of azole fungicides in fish muscle samples. According to the results of non-statistical analysis and statistical analysis, ethyl acetate, primary secondary amine (PSA) and mixed-mode cation exchange cartridge (MCX) were confirmed as the best extraction solvent, clean-up sorbent and SPE cartridge, respectively. The satisfied recoveries (81.7–104%) and matrix effects (−6.34–7.16%), both corrected by internal standards, were performed in various species of fish muscle matrices. Method quantification limits of all azoles were in the range of 0.07–2.83 ng/g. This optimized method was successfully applied for determination of the target analytes in muscle samples of field fish from Beijiang River and its tributaries. Three azole fungicides including climbazole, clotrimazole and carbendazim were detected at ppb levels in fish muscle tissues. Therefore, this analytical method is practical and suitable for further clarifying the contamination profiles of azole fungicides in wild fish species.
AB - Azole fungicides have been reported to be accumulated in fish tissue. In this study, a sensitive and robust method using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with ultrasonic extraction, solid-liquid clean-up, liquid–liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction (SPE) for enrichment and purification have been proposed for determination of azole fungicides in fish muscle samples. According to the results of non-statistical analysis and statistical analysis, ethyl acetate, primary secondary amine (PSA) and mixed-mode cation exchange cartridge (MCX) were confirmed as the best extraction solvent, clean-up sorbent and SPE cartridge, respectively. The satisfied recoveries (81.7–104%) and matrix effects (−6.34–7.16%), both corrected by internal standards, were performed in various species of fish muscle matrices. Method quantification limits of all azoles were in the range of 0.07–2.83 ng/g. This optimized method was successfully applied for determination of the target analytes in muscle samples of field fish from Beijiang River and its tributaries. Three azole fungicides including climbazole, clotrimazole and carbendazim were detected at ppb levels in fish muscle tissues. Therefore, this analytical method is practical and suitable for further clarifying the contamination profiles of azole fungicides in wild fish species.
KW - Analytical method
KW - Azole fungicide
KW - Bioaccumulation
KW - Fish muscle
KW - Hierarchical clustering heatmap
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85002915288&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.024
DO - 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.024
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 27856051
AN - SCOPUS:85002915288
SN - 0304-3894
VL - 324
SP - 535
EP - 543
JO - Journal of Hazardous Materials
JF - Journal of Hazardous Materials
ER -