An integrated model of ambivalence and deterrence of bystander inaction in delegitimizing doxing

Yang Jun Li; Zhi Zhi He; Christy M.K. Cheung; Xiao Liang Shen; Matthew K.O. Lee

doi:10.1016/j.im.2025.104118

An integrated model of ambivalence and deterrence of bystander inaction in delegitimizing doxing

Yang Jun Li
, Zhi Zhi He^*
, Christy M.K. Cheung
, Xiao Liang Shen
, Matthew K.O. Lee

^*Corresponding author for this work

Department of Management, Marketing and Information Systems

Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › peer-review

3 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Our study seeks to explain bystander inaction by guiding the regulation of delegitimizing doxing. We develop a contextualized research model by integrating attitudinal ambivalence theory and general deterrence theory. Our results innovatively uncover three congruence effects describing how positive and negative appraisals are combined to determine bystander inaction. Moreover, perceived SNS deterrence weakens the negative impact of attitudinal univalence on bystander inaction. As one of the pioneering empirical inquiries into delegitimizing doxing, our study contributes to theory and practice related to bystander intervention in delegitimizing doxing.

Original language	English
Article number	104118
Number of pages	13
Journal	Information and Management
Volume	62
Issue number	3
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2025.104118
Publication status	Published - Apr 2025

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 16 Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions

User-Defined Keywords

Attitudinal ambivalence
Bystander effect
Cyberbullying
Doxing
General deterrence theory
Polynomial regression and response surface analysis

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10.1016/j.im.2025.104118Licence: CC BY-NC

Cite this

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title = "An integrated model of ambivalence and deterrence of bystander inaction in delegitimizing doxing",

abstract = "Our study seeks to explain bystander inaction by guiding the regulation of delegitimizing doxing. We develop a contextualized research model by integrating attitudinal ambivalence theory and general deterrence theory. Our results innovatively uncover three congruence effects describing how positive and negative appraisals are combined to determine bystander inaction. Moreover, perceived SNS deterrence weakens the negative impact of attitudinal univalence on bystander inaction. As one of the pioneering empirical inquiries into delegitimizing doxing, our study contributes to theory and practice related to bystander intervention in delegitimizing doxing.",

keywords = "Attitudinal ambivalence, Bystander effect, Cyberbullying, Doxing, General deterrence theory, Polynomial regression and response surface analysis",

author = "Li, \{Yang Jun\} and He, \{Zhi Zhi\} and Cheung, \{Christy M.K.\} and Shen, \{Xiao Liang\} and Lee, \{Matthew K.O.\}",

note = "This work was substantially supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No 72301028, 72274144, 72311540158), the Humanities and Social Sciences Foundation of the Ministry of Education, China [22YJA870013], a fellowship award from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Project No HKBU SRFS2021-2H03), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2025 The Authors",

year = "2025",

month = apr,

doi = "10.1016/j.im.2025.104118",

language = "English",

volume = "62",

journal = "Information and Management",

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AU - Li, Yang Jun

AU - He, Zhi Zhi

AU - Cheung, Christy M.K.

AU - Shen, Xiao Liang

AU - Lee, Matthew K.O.

N1 - This work was substantially supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No 72301028, 72274144, 72311540158), the Humanities and Social Sciences Foundation of the Ministry of Education, China [22YJA870013], a fellowship award from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Project No HKBU SRFS2021-2H03), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China. Publisher Copyright: © 2025 The Authors

PY - 2025/4

Y1 - 2025/4

N2 - Our study seeks to explain bystander inaction by guiding the regulation of delegitimizing doxing. We develop a contextualized research model by integrating attitudinal ambivalence theory and general deterrence theory. Our results innovatively uncover three congruence effects describing how positive and negative appraisals are combined to determine bystander inaction. Moreover, perceived SNS deterrence weakens the negative impact of attitudinal univalence on bystander inaction. As one of the pioneering empirical inquiries into delegitimizing doxing, our study contributes to theory and practice related to bystander intervention in delegitimizing doxing.

AB - Our study seeks to explain bystander inaction by guiding the regulation of delegitimizing doxing. We develop a contextualized research model by integrating attitudinal ambivalence theory and general deterrence theory. Our results innovatively uncover three congruence effects describing how positive and negative appraisals are combined to determine bystander inaction. Moreover, perceived SNS deterrence weakens the negative impact of attitudinal univalence on bystander inaction. As one of the pioneering empirical inquiries into delegitimizing doxing, our study contributes to theory and practice related to bystander intervention in delegitimizing doxing.

KW - Attitudinal ambivalence

KW - Bystander effect

KW - Cyberbullying

KW - Doxing

KW - General deterrence theory

KW - Polynomial regression and response surface analysis

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85217661044

UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378720625000217?via%3Dihub

U2 - 10.1016/j.im.2025.104118

DO - 10.1016/j.im.2025.104118

M3 - Journal article

AN - SCOPUS:85217661044

SN - 0378-7206

VL - 62

JO - Information and Management

JF - Information and Management

IS - 3

M1 - 104118

ER -

An integrated model of ambivalence and deterrence of bystander inaction in delegitimizing doxing

Abstract

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