A 3-in-1 wearable and implantable biopatch for integrated in-body energy harvesting, sensing, and self-powered diabetic wound treatments

The integration of energy generators, implantable and wearable sensors, and therapeutic devices holds great promise for the future of health care. In this study, a 3-in-1 multifunctional biopatch (M-BioP) capable of harvesting energy from body and organ movements was developed. M-BioP, which is enhanced with 2D materials, demonstrates excellent output performance and durability, efficiently converting harvested energy into electrical stimulation for sensing and therapeutic applications. M-BioP can promote the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts in vitro. The near-infrared (NIR)-assisted M-BioP exhibited photothermal antibacterial effects on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with high efficiency and a long duration. By promoting collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and M2 polarization of macrophages at the wound site, the NIR-assisted M-BioP accelerates the healing of diabetic wounds infected with bacteria; this represents the first instance of an implanted patch for antibacterial therapy as well as in-body energy harvesting, presenting novel opportunities for future medical innovations.