麻黄药材原植物资源和市场品种调查

目的: 调查近年我国麻黄的资源分布和市售品情况, 为麻黄的资源保护和品种整理研究提供依据。方法: 采用实地调查、委托调查和访问调查等相结合的方法。结果: 由于20世纪末对麻黄资源的掠夺式开发,生态环境和野生资源遭严重破坏, 正品麻黄的资源急剧减少, 内蒙古中、西部已少见草麻黄, 宁夏和甘肃西北部曾有的数万公顷中麻黄资源已完全消失, 尤其是木贼麻黄资源已濒临灭绝, 仅见零星分布于新疆阿勒泰山脉一带。全国市场上的主流品种为草麻黄(33/38份商品药材), 中麻黄次之(5/38份商品药材), 但中麻黄在分布区(青海和新疆)的小规模诊所中常见, 未见木贼麻黄商品药材。结论:应大力发展麻黄的栽培技术, 尤其是推广中麻黄和木贼麻黄的栽培, 同时也要积极采取措施保护并恢复麻黄的野生资源(如采用适当的采收方法)。

Many species of the genus Ephedra plants are used as Chinese traditional medicines, in Chinese which are known as "Mahuang" (Ephedrae Herba). In order to get a clear picture of resources distribution and varieties on Chinese markets of the crude drug Mahuang and provide scientific basis for their resource conservation and sustainable use, during recent years we conducted field investigations and market researches many times. The results showed that the most common species on the Chinese markets was E. sinica (33/38 commercial samples), followed by E. intermedia (5/38 commercial samples), which was also used in local clinics in Qing-hai, Gansu and Xinjiang province, no E. equisetina was found in the market. We noticed that the resources of both official and non-of-ficial plants of Mahuang, especially Zhong-Mahuang and Muzei-Mahuang, were seriously damaged in the past decade because of the ecological environment damage and over-digging. Zhong-Mahuang was distinguished in Ningxia and north Gansu, which was once one of the most distribution areas and contains more than 10 000 t Zhong-Mahuang. Muzei-Mahuang was distinguished in most places and distributed sparsely around Altay Mountains in northeast in Xinjiang. Thus, Cultivation of Mahuang, especially Zhong-Mahuang and Muzei-Mahuang should be greatly developed. At the same time, wild resources of Mahuang must be preserved strictly, i. e. proper method of cutting Ephedra plant could prevent the damage of the resource.