西汉儒家政治、文化视域下的周公与孔子——以《汉书》为论述中心

周公是中国古代史、经学史上一位极其重要的人物。历来学者对他摄政或称王，说法
纷纭。西汉儒去古未远，对周公的评论为后代研究周公提供了重要的材料。汉儒在当时的政治、文化、社会思潮的背景下对周公一生的事迹提出一些说法，主要有周公摄政或“践天子位”说，周公与成王的关系，周公诛管、蔡，周公是道统代表，是孝子等，由此可见周公在汉儒心目中有重要的地位。在汉代，孔子也被尊奉为圣人。汉儒还称赞孔子是孝子，是继周公之后的道统继承者。他们认为孔子与经学的关系极其密切，尤其是孔子撰写《春秋》，为汉制法。汉儒把孔子之言奉为言行的圭臬、指导原则。通过比较，可见周公、孔子都是汉儒心目中的圣人、孝子，汉儒更多引用孔子之言，孔子对汉儒各方面的影响要比周公广泛，但在政治思想领域，汉儒更偏重于尊崇周公。这与汉儒通经致用的思想不无关系，周公成为汉儒心目中的道统、圣王合一的代表。从西汉儒家对周公的论评，可从另一角度窥见西汉儒学的发展及学术与政治、思想的关系。

Zhou Gong or the Duke of Zhou is a sage master in the history of ancient China and classical learning． Scholars do not see eye to eye regarding whether he merely acted as a prince regent or proclaimed himself a king． The different sayings of Confucian scholars in the Han Dynasty on Zhou Gong’s activities can afford a clue to be followed in tracing his life and thought．In general，most topics that Han Confucians discussed on Zhou Gong ranged from his royal capacity，namely，a prince regent or a self-proclaimed king，to the relationship between him and the King of Cheng，et cetera． Confucians respected him as a representative figure of the body of orthodox teachings as well as a good and worthy son in Confucian doctrine of filial piety． Zhou Gong is a great and important person in the eyes of Han Confucians． They discussed and elucidated his legacies with more earnestness after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up a doctorate of the Five Classics and established Confucianism as the dominant ruling ideology． Through the comments of Han Confucians on Zhou Gong，we can gain a deeper insight into the development of Confucianism and the relationship amongst politics，academics and schools of thoughts in the Western Han Dynasty．