珠三角港台資的變遷及其對地方產業升級影響之比較研究: 以東莞為例

自1978年中國實施改革開放政策以來,海外華人資本,特別是港資和台資成為沿海地區,尤其是珠三角地區城鎮工業化的主要動力之一。經過30年的發展演變,特別是中國2001年加入世界貿易組織以後,海外華人資本的角色和作用發生了深刻的變化。本文以南中國港臺資密集的東莞市為例,探討過去20年海外華人資本,特別是港資和台資在珠三角工業化進程中的變遷。通過對東莞港臺資的發展及轉變的對比研究,本文認為東莞的港資與台資企業在產業結構、投資動機、市場導向、企業組織,以及應對當地經濟制度變化方面,都呈現出迥然各異的發展模式和形態。這兩種不同的發展模式與形態主要是根植於港資與台資企業不同的投資母地區特徵,以及其與投資接受地東莞之間互動效應的差異,繼而對東莞地方經濟的發展和產業升級產生不同的影響。本研究結果對基於人際關係的海外華人投資的傳統解釋提出挑戰,並對相關政府部門具參考價值。

Over the past three decades of opening and reform, the Pearl River Delta in south China has benefited from massive inflows of foreign direct investment, particularly overseas/ethnic Chinese investment from Hong Kong and Taiwan. Hong Kong and Taiwanese investments have been generally treated without much differentiation, because both have involved the cross-border transplantation of labour-intensive, export-oriented manufacturing to the Pearl River Delta since the 1980s. Taking China’s Dongguan, the famous workshop of the world as a case, this paper attempts to examine and compare the transformation of investment from Hong Kong and Taiwan since the 1990s, especially after China’s accession to the World Trade Organization in 2001. Based on systematic field work and interviews with about 60 firms and relevant officials carried out from 2005 to 2007, the paper argues that industrialization in Dongguan has changed from being predominantly driven by Hong Kong investment in the 1980s to an increasing exposure to Taiwanese investment since the 1990s. The latter has contributed significantly to the sectoral upgrading of Dongguan’s local economy and to a gradual shift from an export orientation based on cheap labour to a domestic market orientation since the late 1990s. Investors from Hong Kong and Taiwan have followed different strategies of adaptation to host-region institutional changes, due to their distinct home advantages and to the nature of the interactions between the host and home regions.