清末民初域外双语教材史与第二语言的汉语学习史

清末民初域外掀起了一股学习汉语的热潮，编撰出一大批学习汉语的教材。其 主要编撰方式是双语汉语教材，有英汉、法汉、德汉、葡汉、拉丁文汉语等，内容涉及到目的语 的北京官话口语或汉语方言，甚至是书面语官方文书。有自编型、改编型、自编与改编混合型 等，从专门类到通用类，呈多样化的特点，它们丰富了汉语教材的国别史和多语种双语史。从 母语到目的语，这些在比较基础上的初级、中级汉语教材，成为早期汉语教材的特色，对今天 汉语全球化推广背景下的世界汉语教材建设，具有特别重要的参考价值。

During the Late-Qing-Early-ROC period, the upsurge of learning Chinese started outside the region, and an abundant of Chinese learning textbooks emerged. Among them, the main compilation method is bilingual Chinese textbooks, such as English - Chinese, French - Chinese, German - Chinese, Portuguese - Chinese, Latin - Chinese, etc., whose content involve colloquial Beijing Mandarin, a Chinese dialect, and even the official written documents of the target language. Furthermore, bilingual Chinese textbooks are also characterized by diversification, which not only include the mixed type of self-compiled, recomposition, self-compiled & recomposition but also have categories from specialized to generic. They enrich Chinese language textbooks’ national history and multilingual bilingual history. From mother tongue to target language, elementary and intermediate Chinese textbooks based on comparison are the characteristics of early Chinese teaching materials, and have particularly significant reference value for the construction of world Chinese textbooks under the current background of Chinese globalization promotion.