微波热解木质生物质的研究进展

随着化石资源的日益枯竭及环境污染问题的日益严峻，开发与利用环境友好的可再生资源受到广泛关注。木质生物质微波热解具有反应速率快、易于控制、安全无污染等优点，但是存在产物分布不均和经济价值不高等问题，严重制约了生物质能的全面与高效利用。系统地介绍了木质纤维素组分的结构，详细阐述了木质纤维素各组分的热解机制，并比较了微波热解与传统热解的差异，探讨了微波热解的影响因素以及微波催化热解木质纤维素的产物分布。此外，介绍不同种类催化剂(碳基材料、分子筛、金属氧化物等)在促进生物质微波热解中的作用，可以高效转化木质纤维素，优化微波热解产物的种类分布，并促进选择性生产特定高值化学品，以实现木质纤维素的资源化和高值化利用。最后，对木质纤维素热解未来研究方向和技术发展进行了展望。

With the increasing depletion of fossil resources and the growing serious environmental pollution, the development and utilization of environmentally friendly renewable resources have drawn widespread attention. Microwave pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass offers advantages such as fast reaction rates, easy control, and pollution-free operation. However, issues such as uneven product distribution and low economic value severe restrict the comprehensive and efficient utilization of biomass energy. This review systematically introduces the structure of lignocellulosic components, elaborates on the pyrolysis mechanisms of each component, compares the differences between microwave pyrolysis and traditional pyrolysis, discusses the influencing factors of microwave pyrolysis, and examines the product distribution of microwave-catalyzed pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Furthermore, various catalysts (carbon-based materials, molecular sieves, metal oxides, etc.) that promote microwave pyrolysis of biomass are introduced. These catalysts efficiently convert lignocellulosic biomass, optimize the distribution of microwave pyrolysis products, and facilitate the selective production of specific high-value chemicals, thereby promoting the resource utilization and value-added utilization of lignocellulosic biomass. Finally, the review presents prospects for future research directions and technological developments in lignocellulosic pyrolysis.