多功能词“倒”的语法化路径与方言特征——以清末民初域外西南官话文献为例

以六部清末民初域外西南官话文献为核心语料，以语法化理论与方言接触理论为指导，系统考察多功能词“倒”的功能分布、语法化路径与地域差异。研究发现，“倒”以“倾倒/位移”实义动词为起点，通过去语义化、去范畴化、临界环境诱发虚化等方式，形成三条单向虚化路径：动词→结果补语→可能补语/体标记/转折副词，其中，结果补语是连接实义与虚义的关键节点。就共时层面而言，“倒”呈现出“核心—边缘”的地域层级差异：川南方言为核心接触区，保留了多功能性，涵盖体标记、介词过渡用法及“倒A不A”结构；成都方言为过渡区，其功能聚焦于结果补语与体标记；贵阳、云南方言为边缘区，其功能简化，只存在基础用法。就历时层面而言，清代末年“湖广填四川”移民潮引发湘语、江淮官话接触，通过语法复制机制，促成持续体标记、可能补语等功能的跨方言共享。这一个案研究不仅填补了从近代汉语到现代方言的演变缺环，而且为汉语语法化的“主观化倾向”与方言接触的“距离衰减效应”提供了新的实证依据。

Takes six overseas Southwestern Mandarin documents from the late Qing and early Republican periods as its core corpus. Guided by grammaticalization theory and dialect contact theory, it systematically investigates the functional distribution, grammaticalization path, and regional variations of the multifunctional word “dao（倒）”. The findings reveal that “dao（倒）” originates as a lexical verb meaning “to pour/ displace”. Through processes of desemanticization, decategorization, and grammaticalization triggered by critical contexts, it has developed three unidirectional paths of grammaticalization: verb → resultative complement → potential complement/aspect marker/adversative adverb, with the resultative complement serving as the pivotal node linking lexical and grammatical meanings. Synchronically, “dao（倒）” exhibits a “core—periphery” regional hierarchical pattern: Southern Sichuan dialects (core contact area) retain its multifunctionality, including aspect markers, transitional prepositional usages, and the “daoAbuA（倒 A 不 A）”construction; the Chengdu dialect (transitional area) shows its functions focused on resultative complements and aspect markers; while the Guiyang and Yunnan dialects (peripheral areas) display simplified functionality, retaining only basic usages. Diachronically, the migration waves of “Huguang Migration to Sichuan” since the late Qing dynasty triggered contact with Xiang dialects and Jianghuai Mandarin. Through the mechanism of grammatical replication, this facilitated the cross-dialectal sharing of functions such as the durative aspect marker and the potential complement. This research not only bridges the evolutionary gap from Early Modern Chinese to modern dialects, but also provides new empirical evidence for the “subjectivization tendency” in Chinese grammaticalization and the “distance decay effect” in dialect contact.