周誥殷盤，詰屈聱牙——以《尚書》為例的漢文教育方案

清末戊戌變法中，康有為提議興辦學校、廢除科舉，撼動了傳統儒學教育的權威地位。《尚書》在古代獲得普遍性地重視，是因其與教育和科舉考試息息相關。科舉考試既已廢除，熟讀通透經書內容，無法再如以往帶來財富利祿、升官晉爵，便會漸漸失去其權威性光彩。同樣地，現今大學教育中，無論是中文系裡的先秦儒家專書研讀科目，抑是通識課程中的語文(或稱漢文、文言文)一科，現今褶子學習《尚書》，不似古人皓首窮經以科舉為導向，如何順應時代潮流，找尋出適應現代的教授方法，便為教育工作者的首要課題。

本文以《尚書》中〈禹貢〉、〈太甲〉、〈盤庚〉、〈說命〉、〈酒誥〉等篇章教學方案為例，說明如何應用地理、訓誡誥文、家規家訓、旅遊文學、情書寫作等，提起學生的學習興趣。例如〈太甲〉三篇中，對於伊尹是否放逐太甲於桐宮一題，為歷來經學家討論重點，亦為明清科舉考題之一，故為古代士人學習重點。但再論此題，除不適切當今語文教育外，亦難引起共鳴。此篇經文中「自作孽不可逭」實為「自作孽不可活」之源，除此之外日常生活中更多達172個成語源自《尚書》。除以成語提起學生興趣外，〈太甲〉經文中伊尹對太甲循循善誘的許多言詞，相當適合作為表達情意書寫之用，以之為語文作業，除訓練學生實際應用文言文書寫外，更能進一步講述經文語句中所乘載的古人哲思。因此，通過上述《尚書》篇章的教授方案，能使學生在學習古代漢語語法外，能更進一步的學習古人謹言、慎行、修身節制等美德，以此達到語文與思想文化的雙重教育之效。

During the Reform Movement of 1898 in the late Qing Dynasty, Kang Youwei proposed to build schools and abolish the imperial examinations, which shook the authority of traditional Confucianism education. "Shangshu" used to receive universal attention in ancient times because it was closely related to education and the imperial examinations. As the imperial examinations had been abolished, being familiar with the content of the classics no longer brought wealth and fortune nor promotion, and hence gradually lost its authoritative brilliance. Similarly, in today's university education, whether it is the pre-Qin Confucian topic in the Chinese department, or the language (Chinese or Classical Chinese) subject in the general education programme, students studying "Shangshu" will not be like those in the past who seriously study the scripts to prepare for the imperial examination. Hence, how to follow the trend and find a teaching method suitable for modern times has become the primary task for educators.

This article uses the teaching plans of "Yu Gong", "Tai Jia", "Pan Geng", "Shuo Ming" and "Jiu Gao" in "Shang Shu" as examples to explain how to apply geography, admonishing announcements, family rules and instructions, travel literature, love letters etc. to arouse students' interest in learning. For example, in the three chapters of "Taijia", the question of whether Yi Yin exiled Taijia to Tonggong had been the focus of discussion among Confucian scholars throughout the history. As it was also one of the imperial examination questions in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was the focus of study by ancient scholars. Discussing the same topic again, however, would not only be inappropriate for today's Chinese teaching, but also difficult to arouse resonance. In this classic, the phrase "You can't ‘escape’ from the evil you have done” is in fact the source of "You can’t ‘live’ given the evil you have done ". In addition, there are as many as 172 idioms in daily life originated from "Shangshu". Besides using idioms to arouse students' interest, many of Yiyin's caring and persuasive words to Taijia in "Taijia" are quite suitable for writing to express feelings. Taking them as Chinese assignments can not only train students to actually use classical Chinese writing, one can also talk about the ancient philosophy contained in the scripts. Therefore, through the teaching plans of the above-mentioned chapters of "Shangshu", students can learn not only ancient Chinese grammar, but also the virtues of the ancients, such as prudence, self-cultivation and temperance. This has the dual education effects of cultivating both language and ideology in students.