南宋戰爭書寫與元代文學中懷古遊覽文化的形成 Lamenting the Past in Travel Literature in the Yuan Dynasty: The Impact of Accounts of the Fall of the Southern Song

本計畫聚焦南宋戰爭書寫，考察與此相關的由宋至元的創傷記憶文本，探討宋元文人
對忠烈及戰亂的價值省思，如何由此建構文化英雄典範和形塑地方文化。作為隱喻及
座標的南宋戰爭人物，在後續書寫裡具有相當的嚴肅性，元人記念和哀悼南宋忠烈，
以此對照當世的英雄和奸臣。由無數戰爭書寫建立的集體受難記憶，漸次促進元代懷
古遊覽文化的形成。這樣一個進程，得力於元代官方、地方、民間祭祀南宋戰爭人物
的行為，諸如遊覽古蹟、舉行祭祀、修建祠廟等等。基於此現象，本計畫擬探討以下
問題：第一，南宋戰爭人物及其事跡的創傷書寫，例如描寫戰爭人物及事件始末、地
點拜訪 (戰爭發生地、祭祠場所、陵墓憑弔訪古等等)、耳聞目睹的經驗，是以怎樣的文
學語言和方式表述此段血淚史？創傷理論所說的回憶模式—重複、再現、刪減等等—
在文學創作裡有否呈現如此規律和變化軌跡？第二，南宋戰爭人物及其事跡的創傷書
寫，形成兩條線索，一為莊嚴的血淚史書寫，一為地方古蹟探索的旅遊書寫，兩條線
索的交匯最早在元初時已經出現，並持續發展，前者的文本積澱成為後者的書寫來源，
對南宋國難的叩問在蒙元中後期驟增，原因是否與當時官、民對南宋戰爭的記念模式
改變以及當世內亂頻仍相關？準此，本計劃把宋元文學中的南宋戰爭書寫，放在懷古
文學傳統和遊覽文化的交叉研究上，探索創傷書寫、文化英雄典範、地方古蹟文化形
成的互動關係，期以指出嚴肅教化之遊是元代士人的共識。
The current project focuses on the experience of wars in the Southern Song Dynasty and its aftermath, which allows us to pursue our inquiry on the cross section between the commemorative writing of martyrs, archetypes of loyalty and heroism, as well as psychoanalytic, literary, and cultural studies down the line of literary historical perspective from the Song to the Yuan Dynasties.
The history of the Southern Song alternated between periods of stability and growth and those of civil war, some of which lasted for decades and caused widespread destruction to all levels of society.
The immediate impact of these periods as well as their lasting reverberation are still powerfully present in the first-hand accounts about the experiences of war and wartime devastation, which gradually constituted an integral part of the huaigu (lamenting the past) genre and travel literature in the Yuan Dynasty. Studies on trauma literature tend to focus more on narrative genres, such as
memoirs and novels, because narratives most closely replicate the process in the construction of traumatic memory. Nevertheless, poetry and prose in the Chinese classical tradition have properties that make them unique grounds to explore the interactions between trauma and literary language.
The genres give preeminence to unite the emotive, the sensory, and the rational dimensions of experience in highly stylized language, mediated by the poetic subject. Another notable feature is that Yuan literature about the accounts of the fall of the Southern Song and archetypes of wartime heroes tends to constitute places of commemoration (including ruins, tombs, and travel spots) that
associate the Yuan cataclysm and its martyrs and archetypes of loyalty and heroism. This project will focus on the literature of the Southern Song and the Yuan. In each of these periods, we ask the following questions on the relationships between war, trauma, and literature: accounts about the
experiences of the fall of the Southern Song shared many themes – the horrors of death, the enhancement and destruction of commemorative sites, the pain of loss and displacement, human vulnerability, and nostalgia of the past – how these lyrical voices and highly stylized language constituted the huaigu writing and created cultural travel in Yuan times. Though the periods of war were intermittent, poetry and prose on the fall of the Southern Song were a part of a broader continuous tradition where earlier texts and literary conventions played a role in shaping the poetic accounts of war, while wartime poetry and prose, in turn, were an important factor in pivoting new developments in the construction of the archetypes of martyrs, loyalty, and heroism in the Yuan Dynasty.